Understanding Acne and How to Prevent It

 

Acne is a widespread skin condition that affects people of all ages, though it's most common during adolescence. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, about 85% of people between the ages of 12 and 24 experience at least minor acne. However, it's not just a teenage issue - many adults continue to deal with acne well into their 30s, 40s, and beyond.

Living with acne can be challenging. It's not just a cosmetic concern; acne can impact self-esteem, social interactions, and even mental health. A study published in the British Journal of Dermatology found that individuals with acne had a 63% increased risk of developing depression compared to those without acne.

The good news is that acne is treatable, and understanding it is the first step towards clearer skin. In this guide, we'll explore the causes of acne, effective prevention strategies, and various treatment options. We'll also debunk common myths and provide evidence-based advice to help you navigate your skincare journey.

So, What is Acne? 

Image Source: Mayo Clinic

Your skin is made up of tiny pores that connect to hair follicles. These follicles contain sebaceous glands, which produce an oily substance called sebum. Sebum helps keep your skin lubricated and healthy.

Now, when dead skin cells and excess sebum get trapped inside the pore, it becomes a breeding ground for bacteria. This bacteria triggers inflammation, leading to the formation of that unwelcome visitor - acne! 

To put things into perspective, acne is a skin issue that arises when oil and dead skin cells block your hair follicles. It can appear on the face, neck, shoulders, chest, and back – basically, anywhere there are oil glands.

Though often linked to teenagers, it can impact individuals of all ages.

Types of Acne 

• Blackheads (Open Comedones): These are clogged hair follicles that appear as small, black dots on the skin's surface.
• Whiteheads (Closed Comedones): These are clogged hair follicles that remain closed and appear as small, white or flesh-coloured bumps.
• Papules: These are small, red, and tender bumps that develop when the clogged hair follicles become inflamed.
• Pustules: These are papules with a white or yellow centre filled with pus.
• Nodules: These are large, solid, and painful lesions that form deep within the skin.
• Cysts: These are pus-filled lumps that can be quite painful and leave scars if not treated properly. 

What are the Root Causes of Acne | Acne Triggers

After getting a grasp of what acne entails it's time to get into why it occurs. Understanding the causes is crucial for prevention and management. Acne is an issue influenced by a number of factors. By exploring these triggers we can improve our ability to address this skin concern.

Image Source: News Medical Life Sciences

1. Excessive Sebum Production

Our skin naturally generates an oil called sebum, which plays an important role in maintaining skin hydration and protecting it. However, there are instances when our bodies overproduce sebum. This surplus production is commonly instigated by hormone fluctuations, notably androgens such as testosterone. 

The excess sebum can combine with skin cells and bacteria, leading to a blockage in the hair follicle. This ultimately leads to acne. 

2. Obstructed or Clogged Hair Follicles

The amalgamation of skin cells and oil can obstruct pores, creating an environment for acne formation. Ordinarily, dead skin cells ascend to the surface and are shed from the skin naturally. Nevertheless, individuals prone to acne may experience disruptions in this process.

When dead skin cells clump together due to sebum and don't shed properly, they can form a plug called a comedone within the hair follicle. Depending on whether this plug is open or closed to the skin surface, it can turn into either a blackhead or a whitehead.

3. Bacteria

Bacteria like Propionibacterium acnes (P. Acnes) live on our skin naturally. But if they get trapped in blocked pores, they can multiply rapidly, leading to inflammation and acne. While P. Acnes is typically harmless as part of our skin microbiome, in the low-oxygen environment of pores, these bacteria can reproduce quickly by feeding on sebum and breaking it down into fatty acids. These fatty acids, combined with waste products, can irritate the hair follicle lining, causing inflammation and severe forms of acne.

4. Inflammation 

When your body senses bacteria in a pore, it dispatches blood cells to combat the infection. This response can result in redness, swelling and pain – the tell-tale signs of acne. This inflammatory reaction is a series of events triggered by your immune system.

When white blood cells hurry to the area, they release chemicals and enzymes to fight off the perceived danger. While this is an important and completely natural process, when it comes to acne, it can harm the nearby skin tissue. That's why inflamed acne spots often look red, swollen, and painful. 

In some situations, this inflammation can also penetrate deep into the skin, causing nodules and cysts.

5. Hormonal Changes

Changes in hormones during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy and menopause can worsen acne. 

Androgens like testosterone play a role in the development of acne. These hormones increase during puberty for both males and females, stimulating sebum production and skin cell growth. 

For women, hormonal fluctuations throughout their cycle can also affect their occurrence. That would explain why some women might notice more-than-usual breakouts leading up to their period when progesterone levels are high. During pregnancy and menopause, substantial hormone level changes can impact the skin well, sometimes causing flare-ups even for individuals who haven't had acne in years.

6. Diet 

While studies to establish the connection between diet and acne are ongoing, several studies suggest that certain foods, such as sugar and dairy, might cause acne in some individuals. Foods with a high glycemic index that cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels could lead to increased production of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1), which can stimulate sebum production and trigger inflammation. 

Studies have also hinted at a link between consuming dairy products and acne, possibly due to the hormones found naturally in milk. 

It's worth noting that the relationship between diet and acne is intricate and can vary significantly from person to person. While some people may notice that certain foods exacerbate their breakouts, others may not see any connection between what they eat and their skin health.

7. Stress Factors

Although stress itself doesn't directly cause acne, it can worsen existing acne by increasing inflammation within the body. When we experience stress, our bodies release cortisol, more commonly referred to as the "stress hormone." Cortisol has the potential to stimulate our glands to overproduce oil, which could result in blocked pores. Moreover, stress can weaken our system's ability to combat the P. Acnes bacteria effectively.

Prolonged stress can also result in behaviours that may worsen acne, like touching or picking at the face often, having an unhealthy or unbalanced diet, or even neglecting skincare routines.

8. Inherited Traits aka Gene 

If your parents had acne issues, chances are you might experience them, too. Genetics can impact how your skin reacts– to hormones and how prone your pores are to getting blocked. 

Research indicates a component in acne development, with some studies suggesting that genetics could contribute up to 80% of the risk of developing acne. Genetic elements can affect aspects of acne occurrence, such as sebum production, skin cell turnover rate, skin inflammation response and even the makeup of the skin microbiome. Nevertheless, having a predisposition to acne doesn't automatically mean you'll suffer from breakouts. Environmental factors and lifestyle choices still hold importance in managing acne for individuals. 

Acne Prevention: Best Practices 

Now that we've covered the basics, let's get into what you really want to know – how to prevent acne from showing up in the first place! 

While there's no guaranteed way to never get a pimple again (wouldn't that be nice?), there are plenty of steps you can take to minimise breakouts and keep your skin looking its best.

Establish a Consistent Skincare Routine

Maintaining good skin starts with a skincare regimen. Here's a simple routine to kick things off:

• Cleansing: Cleanse your face using a mild non comedogenic cleanser. Opt for products containing salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide as they can help with combating acne causing bacteria.
• Toning: Follow up with an alcohol toner to eliminate any leftover impurities and restore your skin's pH balance.
• Moisturising:  Don't overlook this step even if you have oily skin! Depending on your skin, pick a moisturiser to keep your skin nourished without blocking pores.
• Sun Protection: Prioritise applying a broad-spectrum sunscreen every morning without fail. Sun exposure can exacerbate acne. This can result in scarring.
• Choose the Right Products: When you're buying skincare items, make sure to check the labels for these terms – “non comedogenic”, “oil free” as these products are less likely to cause acne.
• Keep Your Hands Off Your Face: Remember to avoid touching your face unnecessarily (especially if you have active acne), however tempting it may be to. This is because your hands can transfer oils and bacteria that worsen acne. 
• Clean Your Makeup Brushes and Phone: This is often overlooked, but you’d be surprised to know the amount of dirt, oil, and bacteria your makeup brushes and phones can harbour over time. That is why it is important to clean them regularly, at least once every week. You can wipe down your phone with a clean microfibre cloth or use a disinfectant wipe. 
• Change Your Pillowcase Regularly: Your pillowcase also accumulates oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria with time. That is why it is advisable to change them every week. 
• Manage Stress:  Managing stress is crucial as it can exacerbate existing acne issues. Opt for stress relief methods that work best for you, whether it's through exercise, meditation or talking to someone. 

• Watch what you eat: Be mindful of your diet as some studies suggest certain foods may play a role in causing breakouts even though the exact relationship between diet and acne remains unclear.Consider cutting back on refined sugar, carbs, dairy products, and other processed foods Instead focus on including a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins in your diet.
• Drink up: Stay hydrated by drinking water to help eliminate toxins from your body and keep your skin hydrated from within. According to Harvard Health Publishing, most people need about four to six cups of plain water each day. But water intake is an individualised number and varies from person to person. 
• Exercise: Make it a habit to exercise regularly as it can help alleviate stress and promote skin. Remember to shower or wash your face after sweating to prevent pores from becoming clogged.

Acne Treatments

Topical Treatments/ Over-the-Counter Treatments for Acne 

For mild to moderate acne, over-the-counter treatments can be very effective. Look for products containing these active ingredients:

• Benzoyl Peroxide: While primarily known for its acne-fighting properties, benzoyl peroxide can also help to exfoliate the skin and reduce inflammation, which may benefit the appearance of some scars.
• Salicylic Acid: This beta-hydroxy acid (BHA) helps unclog pores and exfoliate dead skin cells, potentially improving the texture of mild acne scars.
• Sulphur: Known for its drying effects, sulphur can help reduce oiliness and inflammation, which may be beneficial for certain types of acne scars.
• Retinoids: These powerhouse ingredients, derived from vitamin A, stimulate collagen production and cell turnover. This helps to smooth out scar tissue and improve overall skin texture. Over-the-counter retinol products are a good starting point, but consult a dermatologist for prescription-strength options for deeper scars.
• Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs): AHAs, like glycolic acid and lactic acid, gently exfoliate the top layer of skin, promoting cell renewal and reducing the appearance of shallow scars. They can also help even out skin tone and improve overall skin clarity.
• Vitamin C: This antioxidant powerhouse not only brightens the skin but also stimulates collagen production, which can help improve the appearance of scars. Look for serums containing vitamin C for targeted scar treatment.

Prescription Treatments for Acne

If over-the-counter treatments haven't shown the desired results, it's time to consult a dermatologist. They can prescribe stronger medications tailored to your specific acne type and severity.

Topical Prescriptions

• Topical Retinoids: Made from vitamin A, these treatments are widely regarded as one of the most effective options for treating acne. They function by unclogging pores, lessening inflammation and hastening the turnover of skin cells. Popular retinoids include tretinoin, (Retin A), adapalene (Differin), and tazarotene (Tazorac). 
• Topical Antibiotics: These help in fighting bacteria that cause acne and reducing inflammation. They are frequently used in conjunction with other treatments for better outcomes. Examples include Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. 

Oral Medications

• Oral Antibiotics: Doctors may suggest using antibiotics, like tetracycline, doxycycline and erythromycin, to reduce bacteria and inflammation in the body. It is important to stick to the treatment plan only for the necessary period to prevent antibiotic resistance from developing.
• Hormonal Therapies: For women, hormonal birth control pills can help regulate hormone levels that contribute to acne. Anti-androgen medications like spironolactone can also be effective.
• Isotretinoin (Accutane): Reserved for severe cystic acne that hasn't responded to other treatments, isotretinoin is highly effective but comes with potential side effects. It's essential to undergo regular blood tests and closely monitor for any adverse reactions.

In-Office Procedures for More Stubborn Scars:

For deeper or more prominent scars, in-office procedures offered by dermatologists can be highly effective. Here are some options to consider:

• Chemical Peels: A controlled application of acid removes the outer layers of the skin, promoting new cell growth and a smoother surface. The strength of the peel will be determined by the severity of your scars.

• Microdermabrasion: This minimally invasive procedure uses tiny crystals to exfoliate the top layer of skin, similar to a sandblasting effect. It can be effective for improving the appearance of shallow scars and uneven skin texture.

• Laser Therapy: Various laser treatments can be used to target and improve acne scars. Fractional lasers, for example, create microscopic injuries in the skin, triggering collagen production and promoting scar healing.

Common Acne Myths 

There's a lot of misinformation floating around about acne. Let's clear up some common myths:

Myth 1: Chocolate Causes Acne

While it's tempting to blame your favourite treat, there's no strong scientific evidence linking chocolate directly to acne breakouts. However, excessive sugar consumption can contribute to overall skin health, so it's wise to enjoy chocolate in moderation.

Myth 2: Tanning Clears Up Acne

Fact: This is a dangerous misconception. Exposing your skin to harmful UV rays can worsen acne and significantly increase your risk of skin cancer. Always prioritise sun protection with a broad-spectrum sunscreen.

Myth 3: Washing Your Face Frequently Prevents Acne

Fat: Over-cleansing can actually disrupt your skin's natural oil balance, leading to dryness and irritation, which can paradoxically worsen acne. Stick to washing your face twice a day with a gentle cleanser unless recommended otherwise by a dermatologist.

Myth 4: Acne is Only a Teenage Problem

Fact: Acne doesn't discriminate based on age. People of all ages can experience acne, and its causes can vary depending on factors like hormones, stress, and medication.

Myth 5: Popping Pimples Speeds Up Healing

Fact: Resist the urge to squeeze or pop pimples. This can push bacteria and pus deeper into the skin, leading to inflammation, scarring, and potentially more severe breakouts. Let those pimples run their course, and if they're particularly bothersome, consult a dermatologist.

Final Note 

At Masofta, we're not just another skincare company - we're a team of people who've been where you are. Many of us have struggled with acne ourselves, so we understand the frustration, the self-consciousness, and the endless search for solutions that actually work.

That's why we've dedicated ourselves to creating skincare products that are more than just marketing hype. Our products are carefully formulated based on scientific research, using ingredients proven to combat acne effectively. We've made sure they're gentle on your skin, non-comedogenic, and suitable for different skin types.

But we also know that fighting acne isn't just about using the right products. It's about understanding your skin, learning what works for you, and having support along the way. Our blogs offer honest, practical advice about skincare. You'll find in-depth articles, tips from experts, and the latest research on acne treatment—all explained in a way that's easy to understand and apply to your own routine.

We also offer personalised help because we know how overwhelming skincare can be. Our team consists of real people who are passionate about helping you find the right solutions for your unique skin. They're here to listen to your concerns, answer your questions, and guide you towards a routine that works for you. 

Because clear skin is a journey, and you don't have to do it alone.